The experimental plants, Ternstroemia gymnanthera, was purchased from the farmhouse in Jeju-do as a year plant grown as seedage, and it was experimented after the acclimation in the glass-green house of general farm of Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology for 50 days. The experiment was performed from September 20, 2014 to September 30, 2015.

Ternstroemia gymnanthera which is very fresh is used in the experiment by selecting uniformed plants whose leaf length or leaf width is 0.08cm and plant length is within 1~2cm in order to reduce error range in measured value as much as possible. Morphological average measurement value before the experiment is composed of 3.7cm in leaf length, 1.6cm in leaf width, 11.8cm in plant length, 8.3 in the number of leaves, 1.0 in the number of branches, and 1.9 in the number of nodes.

Fluorescent lamp, LED light, and three-wave light which are used in indoor landscape space, and optical fiber system light which is introduction facility of photovoltaic (Kim, 1984; Choi and Bang, 2002, Choi and Shin, 2013) are introduced as the indoor lightning. In the case of the wavelength range by introducing light source, the fluorescent lamp with white color rendering composed of 380nm~780nm emitted 13% of blue light and LED light consisted of 450nm~480nm of wavelength range as blue light. Three-wave light with orange color rendering like incandescent lamp is composed of 560nm~630nm of wavelength range. The optical fiber is the same of 360nm~ 760nm of visible light and it is the system as indoor light by tracing solar orbit with colorless light which almost blocks wavelength range of ultraviolet rays (Kim, 2000).

Also, the experiment plot is set in three-dimensional quadrangle type like indoor room by consisting of 1.8m in height and 3.24m2 floor area with using panels and three vents whose height of diameter is 20cm were made on back panels and shading net was set for blocking in order that the light cannot penetrate into, and blocked temperature rise depending on heat by installing ventilating fan.

The luminous intensity was set in 100lux, 500lux, 1,000lux, 2,000lux which are generally lighted for indoor garden (Kim and Lee, 2005; Bang et al., 2000; Choi, 2005) and irradiation was done for 12 hours a day continuously. The range of temperature in the experiment place was 20±3°C and the humidity kept 50~60%.

Ternstroemia gymnanthera was planted after culture soil by mixing peat moss, pearlite, vermiculite, and Masato as 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 is filled by 80% in 12cm-long pot and the experiment was conducted with 5 individuals and 4 repetition.

To figure out ornamental value of Ternstroemia gymnanthera, the number of leaves, plant length, leaf length, leaf width, the number of node, branch number, and content of cholotophyl as morphological elements were measured. The characteristic of the inside of the plant was figured out by measuring photosynthesis (Pn), CO2 concentration in cells (Ci), conductivity of stoma (Cs), transpiration rate (Tr), CO2 concentration in atmosphere (Ca), CO2 uptake (CO2) with using measurement device for photosynthesis (Li-6400, Li-Cor, USA).

The measurement period is from October 2, 2015 to October 22, 2015 by selecting clear days and the average of the measurement was calculated tby selecting 1~3 leaf from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. (Faria et al., 1996; Han et al., 2005; Yoon and Paek 2012). The condition of the inside of the chamber was 25°C in temperature, 50% in relative humidity, 400±30㎍ℓ-1 in CO2 concentration and the amount of photosynthesis of all the experimental plants were measured by repeating 3 times.

The statistics on the experiment result was done in variance analysis by using SAS Ver. 8.0 (SAS Institute Inc., 2008) programs and the difference among average was tested according to the Duncan’s multiple range test (5%).

All plants were able to grow and development in entire luminous intensity range from 100lux to 2,000lux as the plants didn’t wither. Generally, as the intensity was higher, the growth and development showed smoother (Fig. 1). As shown in Table 1, statistical significance was showed in plant length, the number of leaves, the number of nodes among morphological measuring elements. Generally, as the luminous intensity is higher, the growth rate also high, therefore, the best growth and the best amount of growth were shown in 2,000lux.

The plant length grew the most as 23.8cm in 2,000lux as its growth rate is higher depending on the luminous intensity. In the leaf number, the leaf emergence rate showed high as the intensity was higher, and the number of leaves was significantly different between 2,000lux and other intensity. The number of leaves was 22.8 in 2,000lux so the abundance and volume of the plants were highlighted, and similar leaf emergence rate was found from 100lux to 1,000lux: the number of leaves was 14.4 in 1,000lux, 13.4 in 500lux, and 10.8 in 100lux. The number of nodes also showed similar trend like the number of leaves, and the number of nodes was 5.8 in 2,000lux, which was the highest growth rate as the intensity grew high, the number of node also increased.

The variation of biological activity in the internal part of the plant showed statistical significant difference in CO2 concent-ration (Ci) in cells, transpiration rate (Tr), and conductivity of stoma (Cs) (Table 2). Generally, as the higher luminous intensity was, the smoother biological activity of the inside the plants was. In general, CO2 concentration (Ci) in cells and CO2 concentration in atmosphere (Ca) are relative, and as Photosynthetic efficiency (Pn) grows high, CO2 concentration in atmosphere (Ca) gets lowered but CO2 concentration (Ci) in cells gets increased (Reddy et al., 1995; Han et al., 2005; Park et al., 2010). As the intensity got higher under the fluorescent lamp, the CO2 concentration in atmosphere (Ca) was absorbed and became lowered, however, CO2 concentration (Ci) in cells of mesophyll tended to grow. In 2,000lux which showed the most smooth growth in morphological measurement of the plant, 4.02μmol･m-2s-1 was the highest in the photosynthetic efficiency (Pn), and the CO2 concentration (Ci) in cells showed 233.27㎍cm-2min-1 which was the highest as the CO2 uptake in the inside of the plants. However, there was no significant difference among the intensity in the difference of the photosynthetic efficiency (Pn), which supported that growth of Ternstroemia gymnanthera can be maintained through photosynthetic under 100lux of fluorescent lamp.

Transpiration rate (Tr) and conductivity of stoma (Cs) became the most active in 2,000lux. The biological activity in internal body of Ternstroemia gymnanthera under the fluorescent lamps is the most proper in 2,000lux.

In case of the LED light, leaves of Ternstroemia gymnanthera began to fall starting from leaves in the lower part of the plan 4 months after the experiment and the entire plant withered 8 months later in the range of the 1,00lux to 1,000lux. On the other hand, under the 2,000lux, leaves did not fall off trees even with some of them turned yellow. And the withering appearance existed only in the range of 100lux to 500lux with 20% of mortality respectively. As the smooth development was done generally with more luminous intensity, the withering appearance did not exist in the range of 1,000lux to 2,000lux (Fig. 2). Table 3 indicated that there was statistically significant differences in the height the plants, the number of leaves and the number of nodes out of all morphological measuring elements. In particular, the number of leaf and node was significantly different between under the 2,000lux and other range of luminous intensity.

The number of leaves is a main element that creates the entire volume of foliage plants notably affecting the ornamental value of the plant (Goak and Kim, 1969; Eom et al., 2003). The number of leaves that grew under the 2,000lux was 29.2, which was the highest, and about 8.2 to 12.0 leaves sprang up in the range of 1,00lux to 1,000lux. The number of nodes in line with the leaf number was also significantly different, recording the highest under the 2,000lux. In general, the number of leaf and node increased with the more luminous intensity. And particularly, under the 2,000lux, the increased density of leaves of Ternstroemia gymnanthera due to an increase in the number of leaf and node highlighted the entire volume of the plant and raised its ornamental value. The growth condition and development of Ternstroemia gymnanthera were the greatest under the 2,000lux. The biological activity of Ternstroemia gymnanthera showed a statistically significant difference in CO2 concentration in cells (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr), and conductivity of stoma (Cs) (Table 4).

The indoor plant not only has an ornamental value, but also has an influence on the control of indoor temperature and humidity and is affected by physical conditions through photosynthesis and evapotranspiration. The evapotranspiration rose according to an increase in the temperature and luminous intensity, but was lowered according to an increase in the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere (Son and Kim. 1998; Choi et al., 1997). And transpiration rate (Tr) and Ph under the LED light increased with more luminous intensity. Under the 2,000 lux, where transpiration rate (Tr) was the most, Photosynthetic rates (Pn) recorded the highest with 3.39μmol･m-2･s-1 and he CO2 concentration in atmosphere (Ca) was the lowest. However, CO2 concentration in cells (Ci) relatively increased to 286.87㎍cm-2･min-1 and conductivity of stoma (Cs) was activated the most under the 2,000lux.

In case of the three-wave light, the dropping leaves and withering appearance existed under the less luminous intensity and the growth and development of Ternstroemia gymnanthera were the worst out of all four lights introduced. Leaves in the lower to middle of the plant significantly fell off 4 months after the experiment and began to wither 6 months later. The rate of mortality was 60% under the 100lux and 20% under the 500lux. In the range of 1,000lux to 2,000lux, relatively smooth growth and development were done even though some of leaves fell off (Fig. 3). Table 5 displayed statistically significant differences in the plant height, leaf number and branch number. The height of the plant increased with more luminous intensity and recorded the highest under the 2,000lux over all. The leaf number was significantly different by different luminous intensities. It was the worst in the range of 100lux to 500lux due to the dropping leaves and withering appearance. On the other hand, it was relatively good in the range of 1,000lux to 2,000lux, where the withering appearance did not exist, compared to the less luminous intensities and recorded the highest under the 1,000lux. The branch number decreased more than before the experiment in the range of 100lux to 500lux due to the withering appearance, but was maintained in the range of 1,000lux to 2,000lux as when the experiment started, which was better than in the range of less luminous intensities. The biological activity of Ternstroemia gymnanthera showed statistically significant differences in all elements (Table 6).

In order to fix CO2 through photosynthesis, the first step should be diffusing CO2 within leaves through the pore of leaf and the dispersed CO2 is fixed by rubisco (Faria et al., 1996). Thus, the efficiency of carbon fixation reflects activity or content of rubisco, which is an enzyme involved in the first major step of carbon fixation in the process of photosynthesis (Farquhar et al., 1980) and is determined by the diffusion and conductivity of CO2 in the leaf with lower CO2 density and the capacity of rubisco. The ratio of carbon fixation by different luminous intensities was different so that the rate of CO2 uptake was the highest in the 1,000lux. Photosynthetic rates (Pn) also increased with more luminous intensities up to the 1,000lux with 2.58μmol･m-2･s-1 and decreased to some extent to 1.30μmol･m-2･s-1 under the 2,000lux. It was 0.92μmol･m-2･s-1 under the 5,000lux and 0.86μmol･m-2･s-1 under the 100lux. The result indicated that Photosynthetic rates (Pn) was the most efficient in the 1,000lux. In addition, CO2 concentration in cells (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr) and conductivity of stoma (Cs) according to photosynthesis increased the most in the 1,000lux.

In the case of optical fiber, some of the late leaves were fallen off starting from five months and changes of leaf color by the luminous intensity were found to be clear starting from eight months, but there were no withering plants observed so it was able to grow the plant under all scope of the luminous intensity (Fig. 4). As seen in the Table 7, among the observed morphological elements there were statistically significant differences in the number of leaves and nodes and the content of chlorophyll. The number of leaves was the biggest in 1,000lux and the number of leaves was different from the illumination intensity range of 100lux to 500lux to the range of 1,000lux to 2,000lux. The entire plants did not wither thereby no differences were observed in the number of branches but there were differences in the number of nodes, and the number of nodes showed a proportional relation with that of leaves and the emergences of nodes and leaves were the highest in 1,000lux. The higher the luminous intensity was, the growth state and the growth volume was more active and larger. In addition, there were clear changes in leaf colors according tocontent of chlorophyll in the luminous intensity ranges. It has the lowest content of chlorophyll among the introduced light sources and there was a tendency that the lime-green color got deepened in the rage of 100lux to 1,000lux and the dark green color became evident in 2,000lux which has the largest content of chlorophyll. Biological activity in plants did not show statistically significant differences in all measured elements but it turned out that the higher the luminous intensity, biological activity in plants was higher in general (Table 8). Photosynthetic rates (Pn) were 4.32μmol･m-2･s-1 in 1,000lux, 4.22μmol･m-2･s-1 in 2,000lux, 3.92μmol･m-2･s-1 in 500lux and 3.37μmol･m-2･s-1 in 100lux, and transpiration rate (Tr) and conductivity of stoma (Cs) increased more when the luminous intensity is higher, and transpiration rate (Tr) and conductivity of stoma (Cs) were the highest in 1,000lux. Under the optical fiber, biological activity inside of ternstroemia gymnanthera was the highest in general in 1,000lux.