A Study on Management Plan of Korea Garden Show through Surveying Garden Experts

Article information

J. People Plants Environ. 2017;20(2):175-183

doi : https://doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2017.20.2.175

Woo Kyung Choi ¹^,², You Mi Lee ¹, Jeong Hwa Song ¹, Hye Young Jin ¹^,

¹ Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon 11186, South Korea

² Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea

^* Corresponding author: jinhye0@korea.kr

Received 2017 March 31; Revised 2017 April 10; Accepted 2017 April 20.

Abstract

This study aims to present direction for management of Korea Garden Show based on a survey of 105 experts in garden from a variety of backgrounds. Considerations for improving management of Korea Garden Show are as follows. First, when inviting applications for Garden Show, presenting a specific theme such as existing management method can encourage people to present more ideas from limited diversity. Second, it is the greatest time to hold the Garden Show from April to May in consideration of the diversity of plants and flowering time, and two week period is considered to be sufficient for the show according to the matters of operation and management of the show garden and requests of experts. Third, the show should be held in a designated place and after promoting sustainability and improving public awareness of the show. It should be also developed to show extended base of a garden and a variety of local characteristics, and held in provincial and municipal areas. Forth, industry-linked contents should be strengthened in the process of organizing the garden show. A symposium should be organized to introduce materials of garden industry including high-tech materials and new plant varieties and provide information about garden trends, and the show should perform its role as a platform for establishing garden culture.

Keywords: expo; festival; garden cultures; management plan

Ⅰ. Introduction

The increase in national income has led to higher needs for healthy and relaxing life and culture in nature, and the demand for gardens and garden culture also increased with the expansion of awareness on gardens as part of life and culture. Moreover, the International Garden Expo Suncheon Bay Korea 2013 raised national interest in gardens, and since then the demand for gardens and infrastructures to tend those gardens has increased consistently (Chung et al., 2015). In line with these demands, the central and local governments are currently striving to expand the garden culture by leading events such as garden expos and shows (Song et al., 2016). Before the International Garden Expo Suncheon Bay Korea, the events were mostly focused on the floricultural industry such as International Horticulture Goyang Korea, Anmyeondo International Flower Expo, Gurye Maehwa Festival, and Hampyeong Grand Chrysanthemum Festival (You, 2013), but now gardencentered exhibitions are increasing remarkably nationwide, such as Gyeonggi Garden Culture Expo, Korea Garden Show, Seoul Garden Show, and Hanpyeong Garden Festival. Garden shows held overseas such as Chelsea Flower Show have also been expanded to the territory that combined gardens with art today, which is a shift from the horticultural contents focused on flower production in the earlier days (Chung et al., 2015), contributing to the promotion of garden culture. Many countries are implementing policies to turn gardens into cultural products and use them as a brand for national publicity. The trend of turning gardens into a cultural product can be proved by frequent events like the world garden expos and creation of or participation in traditional gardens to promote the culture of the relevant country (Yoon et al., 2014). There is Chelsea Flower Show in England, Le Festival International des de Chaumont-sur-Loire in France, Bundesgartenschau and Internationale Gartenschau in Germany, and Floriade in the Netherlands that is held every 10 years, securing their places as the main garden expos that represent Europe.

Previous studies on garden shows are conducted in the operational and strategic perspectives for garden expos. Yoon (2009) introduced the characteristics of Chelsea Flower Show (hosting organization history, size and operation method, judgment criteria) and studied the design trends.

For research on branding cities and enhancing images, You and Yang (2013) examined the study on garden expos in Korea as a strategy of regional revitalization. Lee et al. (2015) analyzed the effects of hosting the International Garden Expo Suncheon Bay Korea on changes in Suncheon’s city brand and image, and mentioned that it provides an opportunity for Suncheon to build a new city image. Lee (2014) examined the characteristics and factors affecting the process in which the plan for the International Garden Expo Suncheon Bay Korea is being specified into a regional policy, through which it was discovered that there were certain outcomes in improving the city’s image, securing the public goods such as Suncheonman Bay National Garden, and building leadership in the community that carried forward urban policies valuing the environment.

For research on analysis of gardens at garden expos and detailed designs such as plantations, Park and Lee (2014) conducted a study on the healing effects of gardens with cases of ‘healing gardens’ at the Korea Garden Show. Jeong (2015) analyzed the planting designs of the International Garden Expo Suncheon Bay Korea, determined the trends and techniques of planting design, and laid the groundwork for the development of herbaceous ornamental planting designs.

As such, current studies on garden expos are mainly about regional revitalization such as the International Garden Expo Suncheon Bay Korea or planting design and exhibition effects (healing effects) focusing on the gardens, with insufficient research on the management methods or improvements for actual garden expos. In fact, the Korea Garden Show has been managed for three years with many controversies over the management method such as venue, period and theme selection. State-run garden shows raise great expectations for the citizens in terms of their roles, such as publicity as well as expansion of garden culture and sharing of information, which is why it is necessary to study the detailed management plans for the state to find its roles accordingly.

Fig. 1

2016 Korea Garden Show.

This study will survey the views of garden-related experts from all sorts of backgrounds to come up with internally stable management plans and set the direction for improvement of the Korean Garden Show, which is supported by the government (Korea Forest Service) and is also the gateway to becoming a garden designer in Korea.

Ⅱ. Research method

1. Selection of research subjects

In general, expositions and exhibitions are commonly referred to as “show, trade show, fair, expo, exposition, etc.” (You and Yang, 2013). Among them, “exposition, festival and show” are the most commonly used terms for garden expos, with “show” being the term that is particularly used widely in England, Germany and the US (Yoon, 2009). Thus, this study uses the term “show” among the mixed use of different terms.

The Korea Garden Show was held three times from 2014 to 2016, and is hosted at the venue of the International Horticulture Goyang Korea from late April to early May (for 17 days). Every year there is a different theme (2014: Healing Garden, 2015: Garden in My Life, 2016: K-garden) with the participation of garden designers involved in various genres in Korea, and thus the show performs the role of finding competent garden designers and promoting gardens to the citizens.

This study was conducted on experts related to garden shows in Korea (total 105). They include garden designers who participated in the Korea Garden Show (29.5%), related public officials (17.1%), professors (27.6%), and others (25.6%), classified by occupation (office job, management, public official, specialized job, etc.) and major (landscape architecture, horticulture, systematic botany, etc.).

The survey was conducted by visits and emails from June 21, 2016 to September 10, 2016 (Table 1).

Table 1

Respondent attribute.

2. Survey and method of analysis

To develop the questionnaire to set the direction for the Korea Garden Show, the management methods of the Chelsea Flower Show, Le Festival International des de Chaumont-sur- Loire, and Bundesgartenschau were examined.

The Chelsea Flower Show in England is held for four days at the end of May each year, without setting a specific theme when inviting public participation for the show gardens. All the gardens are demolished after the show, and there is also a section in floriculture such as breeding and cultivating. Le Festival International des de Chaumont-sur-Loire in France is held every year for 6 months (mid-April to mid-October), focusing on garden designs and garden as art by presenting certain themes. Bundesgartenschau in Germany is held biennially, touring around the big and small cities of Germany and presenting plans to reform the city’s image and use the gardens as greens. Based on these contents, a questionnaire was developed to determine the management plan for the Korea Garden Show by experts related to gardens.

The survey is classified into 1) Purpose and Function, and 2) Garden Show Management (suggestion of topic, frequency, time, provincial tour, period, method, and scope of the garden show), and each survey category is classified by the content of the survey, with subordinate items in each category (Table 2). The subordinate items for each category are arranged in either multiple-choice or short-answer form.

Table 2

Survey items.

Collected data are analyzed using SPSS Statistics 18 version, with the following analysis methods by category of each item. Crosstabs analysis was conducted by gender, role in the garden show and major in the form of frequency (person) and percentage (%), and the Chi-square independent test was conducted to determine whether there is statistical significance in the difference of responses among groups. Without a significant difference, the results of the analysis were not presented in the table.

Ⅲ. Result and discussion

1. Purpose and function of garden shows

In the survey on the purpose and function of garden shows, 68.2% of all respondents said it is for spreading the garden culture. By role of garden shows, 73.1% of professors, 69.2% of public officials, and 60.7% of garden designers gave that response, which was significantly higher than the rate of responses such as introduction of the garden trend, and material and human resources information about gardens. This indicates that people from different backgrounds lay most stress on the need to spread the garden culture (Table 3). Chung et al., (2015) claimed the need to flourish the garden culture as a cultural industry, and that the flow and trend of times are already raising great interests and various attempts regarding such garden culture industry. Moreover, the world-renowned Chelsea Flower Show does not merely introduce gardens and horticulture, but reflect and express the society and culture of contemporary times (Yoon, 2009 ; Park and Park, 2011). In this context, the Korea Garden Show will also have a remarkable effect on the Korean garden culture industry as well.

Table 3

Purpose and function of a garden show based on survey. N (%)

2. Garden show management method

1) Suggestion of the topic

The result of Pearson’s chi-squared test shows that there was statistical significance in the views about the need to present a topic when holding a garden show by gender and role in garden show (Table 4). More male respondents said it is necessary to suggest the topic, and a greater ratio of garden designers thought topic suggestion is necessary, whereas others (public officials and professors) showed a lower ratio. Male respondents said it is necessary to provide unity in the garden show as well as fair judging standards, and that social issues and garden trends shall be reflected on the topic. Meanwhile, female respondents tended to prefer various creative and original works. Since artists are screened to be able to build a garden for the garden show, they seem to want more accurate guidelines for judgment and evaluation, while public officials and professors prefer to see more liberal and diverse forms of gardens. Kwon (2009) stated that Le Festival International des de Chaumontsur- Loire presented a theme for the show every year, and the exhibited gardens form a harmony within diversity, and that presenting a certain theme every year can invite new ideas through diversity within limitations, help artists come up with various techniques and experimental materials, and broaden the scope of application of plant materials.

Table 4

A need to present a theme of garden show based on survey. N (%)

2) Frequency and time of holding garden shows

The result of Pearson’s chi-squared test shows that there was statistical significance in the views about the frequency of holding garden shows by major (p=0.054). The rate of respondents in landscape architecture and horticulture saying that it is necessary to hold garden shows every year was significantly higher than others (systematic botany, biology, etc.) (Table 5). Landscape architecture and horticulture majors mostly claimed the need to increase awareness by regularly holding the shows and introduce the rapidly changing garden trends. Systematic botany and biology majors seem to want to create garden shows with internal stability by thoroughly preparing materials such as plants with enough time to prepare. Jeong and Oh (2016) claimed that the biennial Gyeonggi Garden Culture Expo changed into an annual event starting from 2017, which increased awareness as well as the opportunity for the public to participate. Since it is still a rare event in Korea, it is expected to increase the number of visitors for quite some time with all the public interest and participation. Table 6 shows that there is a statistically significant difference in the views about when to hold garden shows by major (p=0.058). Plant ecology majors preferred ‘June-August,’ while others (forest resources, landscape architecture and horticulture majors) preferred ‘April-May.’ This seems to be in consideration of the diversity of plant materials and blossoming flowers in April-May.

Table 5

Frequency of holding garden show based on survey N (%)

Table 6

Time to hold a garden show based on survey. N (%)

3) Provincial tour of garden shows

The result of conducting a survey on whether there is a provincial tour of garden shows is shown in Table 7, which reveals significance in the statistical analysis of preferred venues by occupation of the respondents (p=0.038). Garden designers preferred a fixed place, whereas others (public officials and professors) preferred provincial tour. This suggests that garden designers focus on the increase in public awareness, sustainability and stability of the garden show when holding the show in a fixed place, while public officials and professors chose circulating place due to reasons such as expanding the base of gardens, diversity of distinctive regional garden shows, and difficulty in access. There is a case in which urban regeneration ended up in success by holding “Landes gartenschau” (LAGA) as a culture-led urban regeneration strategy in a deteriorated industrial space neglected in the middle of Ruhr in Germany (Park, 2013). It seems that the tour of the venue will be determined by the purpose of holding the garden show.

Table 7

Provincial tour of a garden show based on survey. N (%)

4) Period of holding garden shows

There was statistical significance in the views of respondents regarding the period of holding garden shows by occupation (0.001) (Table 8).

Table 8

Period of a garden show based on survey. N (%)

A high ratio of garden designers thought it is necessary hold the show for 2 weeks, while others showed significant differences in ratio (public officials and professors). This indicates that garden designers think 2 weeks of exhibition is enough due to difficulty in management after forming the gardens. Moreover, unlike provincial garden shows managed independently, the Korea Garden Show is held with the International Horticulture Goyang Korea and is thus affected by its period, which resulted in many responses that 2 weeks is adequate. The Chelsea Flower Show had been held for three days from Tuesday to Thursday, but it has been extended to Friday upon the request of participants since 1926 (Geddes-Browun and Leslie, 2005). It seems necessary for the Korea Garden Show to also flexibly adjust the operating period depending on the needs of the participants.

5) Method of inviting garden show designers

There was statistical significance in the views about hot to hold garden shows by occupation (0.000) (Table 9). Garden designers preferred ‘inviting domestic garden designers,’ while others (public officers, professors, etc.) preferred ‘inviting domestic and foreign garden designers and holding contest exhibits.’ This is to expand the scope of activities for current garden designers beyond applying for the contest exhibits within the garden show.

Table 9

Method for holding garden show based on survey. N (%)

6) Scope of garden shows

According to the survey on the scope of garden shows, 73.3% of all respondents thought that it is necessary to include complex functions such as garden show, public relations and sales of goods and materials, and cultural events (Table 10). 5.7% of the respondents saw only the ‘garden show’ as part of the garden show, and 20% of them said the scope included garden show and publicity and sales of goods, generally showing low rates. By occupation, garden designers accounted for 64.5%, public officers 77.8%, and professors 82.8%, all suggesting that the garden show performs complex functions. This implies that they perceive the garden show as a cultural venue that encompasses not only garden formation but also the garden industry and culture. Garden festivals are to develop programs that convey the regional culture and actively produce creative cultural activities in the region based on voluntary participation of local residents (Park, 2013). Garden shows are to show the fragments of culture that reflect the phases of the times and interesting diversity of enjoyment through garden designs beyond just being an exposition (Kwon, 2009). The LAGA in Germany develops cultural programs associated with the cultural, social and historical attributes of the hosting city (Park, 2013). Garden shows are not only exhibitions for the eyes and experiences for the body, but also an opportunity to obtain new information (Jeong and Oh, 2016). Moreover, 79.2% of respondents showed great interest in plants, saying that they have experience visiting not only a garden show but a festival in Korea dealing with plants (Choi at al., 2016). As such, garden shows cover diverse fields.

Table 10

Scope of a garden show based on survey. N (%)

Currently the Korea Garden Show is merely displaying gardens that provide ideas for garden designs. It is necessary to expand the scope of programs such as introducing the trend of garden culture and new plants.

3. Direction for garden show management

Based on the results above, this study sets the direction for garden shows in Korea as follows.

First, if associated with the city’s facility planning or purpose of urban regeneration, it is necessary to hold the garden show by going around the relevant regions. Bundesgartenschau and Internationale Gartenschau in Germany are managing garden shows for permanent preservation with the purpose of urban regeneration. Park (2013) stated that the State Garden Show in Germany performs a key role in spreading the mood of garden culture to surrounding regions and transforming the entire city into a cultural place by holding the show in underdeveloped areas. There is no case in Korea in which garden shows were held for this purpose, but the venue can be changed depending on the purpose.

Second, for garden shows at the national level, it is necessary to seek plans for long-term planning and maintenance, provide budget support, and develop new state-led garden shows for national branding, and also to establish the venue to provide the latest trends and information about gardens to enhance the competencies of garden designers. Many garden designers from all over the world are visiting the Chelsea Flower Show in England and Le Festival International des de Chaumont-sur- Loire in France to obtain garden-related trends and information. Le Festival International des de Chaumont-sur-Loire also manages cafes and snack bars where the show gardens are built, while also managing stores that sell garden-related souvenirs, materials, and plants, enabling visitors to easily purchase related goods in addition to watching the show in convenience (You and Yang, 2013). Since garden shows are held sporadically in Korea and thus information is not concentrated, state-led garden shows must perform that role.

Third, it is important to make efforts to promote national awareness about garden culture by constantly publicizing and holding exhibitions, which must develop into a national marketing strategy for global publicity with a harmony of nature, history and culture in Korea. Le Festival International des de Chaumont-sur-Loire in France invites participation of garden designers in various nationalities, and is thus used as a useful means of publicity to expand the scope of the event (You and Yang, 2013). Garden shows must serve as a platform for garden-related cultural events (link to Open Garden) and information sharing (book publications, online data disclosure).

Fourth, there is a need for collaboration and division of work in terms of roles and functions in multiple backgrounds in order to settle the garden culture.

Ⅳ. Conclusion

This study conducted a survey on garden-related experts from various backgrounds to set the direction and improve the management of the Korea Garden Show. The results showed that many of them considered spreading the garden culture as the purpose and function of garden shows, and they thought it is necessary to provide a theme or topic for the show. They preferred April-May to hold the show, while there was a similar number of respondents saying that the event must take place in a fixed place or must be on a provincial tour. Many of them also responded that the show must last for 2 weeks. As for the scope of the garden shows, they responded that it is necessary to include multiple functions in addition to the garden show itself, such as public relations and sales of goods as well as cultural events.

Based on the results above, this study suggests the following direction for the management of the Korea Garden Show.

First, participants may come up with ideas through diversity within limitations by providing certain themes and topics like the current management plan in garden shows. They can also broaden the scope of application and develop various exhibition techniques by using plant materials diversely to express the theme.

Second, April and May are most suitable to hold the show considering the diversity of plant materials and the flowering season, and 2 weeks of the show seems adequate considering the operation and management issues of the show gardens and the needs of experts.

Third, it is necessary to first increase sustainability of the garden show and promote public awareness by holding the show at a fixed place, after which it should be on a tour of different cities and provinces to expand the base of gardens and develop into a garden show that conveys various distinctive features of the regions. Furthermore, it is necessary to ponder over the public functions and social contribution with regard to whether the garden show is a temporary show or must be maintained for urban regeneration.

Fourth, the Korea Garden Show merely provides garden design ideas with show gardens. However, there is a high demand for expanding the scope of the garden show. Thus, it is necessary to internally stabilize the contents associated with the industry in forming the garden show (selling and publicizing garden materials, etc.), and introduce garden design techniques as well as various garden industry materials such as state-ofthe- art materials or unknown wildflowers or new varieties.

This must be concentrated in a state-led garden show so that citizens can obtain necessary information. Moreover, it is also necessary to reinforce its role as a platform to settle the garden culture by holding symposiums that provide the latest gardenrelated trends and information.

Managing the Korea Garden Show based on these implications will have a greater influence on spreading the garden culture, which can be applied to other garden shows held in provincial regions. Furthermore, there must be constant research and efforts for specific and diverse programs within the garden show for sustainable management.

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Division		Number	Ratio (%)

Gender	Male	55	52.4
Gender	Female	50	47.6

Age	20-29	15	14.3
	30-39	38	36.2
	40-49	35	33.3
	50-59	16	15.2
	60<	1	1.0

Occupation	Management	12	11.4
	Self-management	18	17.1
	Office job	24	22.9
	Agriculture job	5	4.8
	Specialized job	37	35.2
	Student	4	3.8
	Other	5	4.8

Education	Graduation university	105	100

Major	Systematic botany	7	6.7
	plant ecology	4	3.8
	Biology	3	2.9
	Engineering	3	2.9
	Forest resources	11	10.5
	Landscape architecture	59	56.2
	Horticulture	12	11.4
	Other	6	5.7

Related field	Garden designer	31	29.5
	Public official	18	17.1
	Garden Show Judge	2	1.9
	Professor	29	27.6
	Other	25	23.8

Division	Items

Purpose and Function	Introduction of garden trend
	Material and human resources information
	about the garden
	Spreading Garden Cultures

Garden Show Management	Suggestion of Topic
	Frequency of a garden show
	Provincial tour of a garden show
	Garden show tour
	Time to hold a garden show
	Method for holding garden show
	Garden designer invitation method
	Scope of a garden show

Division	Garden Designer	Public officer	Garden Show Judge	Professor	Other	Total

Introduction of garden trend	5 (17.9)	-	-	2 (7.7)	1 (6.25)	8 (9.4)
Material and human resources information about the garden	5 (17.9)	3 (23.1)	-	5 (19.2)	4 (25.0)	17 (20.0)
Spreading Garden Cultures	17 (60.7)	9 (69.2)	2 (100.0)	19 (73.1)	11 (68.7)	58 (68.2)
Other	1 (3.6)	1 (7.7)	-	-	-	2 (2.4)

Total	28 (100.0)	13 (100.0)	2 (100.0)	26 (100.0)	16 (100.0)	85 (100.0)

Division	Genderc		Related field

	Male	Female	Garden Designer	Public officer	Garden Show Judge	Professor	Other	Total

Suggestion of Topic	36 (65.5)	16 (32.0)	23 (74.2)	8 (44.4)	1 (50.0)	13 (44.8)	7 (28.0)	52 (49.5)
Freedom of topic	15 (27.3)	21 (42.0)	7 (22.6)	6 (33.3)	1 (50.0)	11 (37.9)	12 (48.0)	36 (34.3)
Other	3 (5.4)	13 (26.0)	1 (3.2)	4 (22.2)	-	5 (17.1)	6 (24.0)	17 (16.2)

Total	55 (100.0)	50 (100.0)	31 (29.5)	18 (17.1)	2 (1.9)	29 (27.6)	25 (23.8)	105 (100.0)

X² (p)	16.635a (.002**)		44.583a (.001***)

Division	Systematic botany	Plant ecology	Biology	Technology	Forest resources	Landscape architecture	Horticulture	Other	Total

1year	4 (57.1)	3 (75.0)	1 (33.3)	2 (66.7)	8 (72.7)	38 (66.7)	10 (83.3)	6 (100.0)	72 (69.9)
2year	1 (14.3)	-	2 (66.7)	1 (33.3)	2 (18.2)	13 (22.8)	2 (16.7)	-	21 (20.4)
3year	2 (28.6)	-	-	-	1 (9.1)	4 (7.0)	-	-	7 (6.8)
5year	-	1 (25.0)	-	-	-	-	-	-	1 (1.0)
Other	-	-	-	-	-	2 (3.5)	-	-	2 (1.9)

Total	7 (100.0)	4 (100.0)	3 (100.0)	3 (100.0)	11 (100.0)	57 (100.0)	12 (100.0)	6 (100.0)	103 (100.0)

X² (p)	41.018a (.054*)

Division	Systematic botany	Plant ecology	Biology	Technology	Forest resources	Landscape architecture	Horticulture	Other	Total

April-May	5 (71.4)	1 (25.0)	2 (66.7)	2 (66.7)	8 (72.7)	43 (72.9)	11 (91.7)	6 (100.0)	78 (74.3)
June-August	1 (14.3)	3 (75.0)	0 (0.0)	-	3 (27.3)	11 (18.6)	-	-	18 (17.1)
September-November	-	-	1 (33.3)	-	-	3 (5.1)	-	-	4 (3.8)
Other	1 (14.3)	-	-	1 (33.3)	-	2 (3.4)	1 (8.3)	-	5 (4.8)

Total	7 (100.0)	4 (100.0)	3 (100.0)	3 (100.0)	11 (100.0)	59 (100.0)	12 (100.0)	6 (100.0)	105 (100.0)

X² (p)	32.026a (.058*)

Division	Garden Designer	Public officer	Garden Show Judge	Professor	Other	Total

Fixed place	23 (74.2)	7 (38.9)	-	11 (37.9)	8 (32)	49 (46.7)
Circulating place	8 (22.6)	11 (61.1)	2 (100.0)	18 (62.1)	17 (68)	55 (52.4)

Total	31 (100.0)	18 (100.0)	2 (100.0)	29 (100.0)	25 (100.0)	105 (100.0)

X² (p)	19.183a (.038**)

Division	Garden Designer	Public officer	Garden Show Judge	Professor	Other	Total

1 weeks	6 (19.4)	2 (11.1)	2 (100.0)	5 (17.2)	2 (8.0)	17 (16.2)
2 weeks	16 (51.6)	11 (61.1)	-	14 (48.3)	12 (48.0)	53 (50.5)
1 month	7 (22.6)	5 (27.8)	-	10 (34.5)	7 (28.0)	29 (27.6)
3 month	1 (3.2)	-	-	-	3 (12.0)	4 (3.8)
Other	1 (3.2)	-	-	-	1 (4.0)	2 (1.9)

Total	31 (100.0)	18 (100.0)	2 (100.0)	29 (100.0)	25 (100.0)	105 (100.0)

X² (p)	46.790a (.001***)

Division	Garden Designer	Public officer	Garden Show Judge	Professor	Other	Total

Inviting foreign Garden designer	5 (16.1)	3 (16.7)	1 (50.0)	2 (6.9)	5 (20.0)	16 (15.2)
Inviting domestic Garden designer	25 (80.6)	2 (11.1)	-	1 (3.4)	-	28 (26.7)
Discover a garden designer	1 (3.2)	2 (11.1)	1 (50.0)	6 (20.7)	7 (28.0)	17 (16.2)
Contest exhibit	-	9 (50.0)	-	20 (69.0)	13 (52.0)	42 (40.0)
Other	-	2 (11.1)	-	-	-	2 (1.9)

Total	31 (100.0)	18 (100.0)	2 (100.0)	29 (100.0)	25 (100.0)	105 (100.0)

X² (p)	91.961a (.000***)

Division	Garden Designer	Public officer	Garden Show Judge	Professor	Other	Total

Garden show	2 (6.5)	1 (5.6)	-	2 (6.9)	1 (4.0)	6 (5.7)
Garden Show/ Goods public relations and sales	9 (29.0)	2 (11.1)	-	3 (10.3)	7 (28.0)	21 (20.0)
Garden Show/ Goods public relations and sales/ Event	20 (64.5)	14 (77.8)	2 (100.0)	24 (82.8)	17 (68.0)	77 (73.3)
Other	-	1 (5.6)	-	-	-	1 (1.0)

Total	31 (100.0)	18 (100.0)	2 (100.0)	29 (100.0)	25 (100.0)	105 (100.0)